Discover science topics such as chemical equations, atomic structures, and the periodic table; all critical concepts to the continued study of chemistry. CHEM C3000 includes everything in CHEM C2000 plus dozens of additional tools and chemicals, and 100 additional experiments, for a total of more than 333 experiments.
The 192-page, full-color experiment manual is written at a more advanced level than the other CHEM kit manuals. You could call it a textbook, but the manual is too much fun to make that comparison. Ages 12 and up.
Chem C3000 Manual Pdf
CHEM C3000 is the ultimate chemistry set. This kit includes all of the components from CHEM C2000, plus dozens of additional tools and chemicals, and 100 additional experiments, for a total of more than 333 experiments. The 192-page, full-color experiment manual is written at a more advanced level than the other CHEM kit manuals. You could call it a textbook, but the manual is too much fun to make that comparison. CHEM C3000 has a similar hands-on approach to teaching chemistry as our other CHEM kits, but also teaches more advanced topics such as chemical equations, atomic structures, and the periodic table. These concepts are critical to continued study of chemistry. CHEM C3000 is an excellent preparation for high-school level chemistry.
CHEM C3000 covers all of these topics and more: introduction to chemistry, safety information, setting up your workspace, acids & bases, salts & solutions, elements & compounds, solids, liquids & gases, combustion, air & air pressure, air pollution, our environment, metals, oxidation & rust, atoms & molecules, history of chemistry, crystal lattices, chemical formulas, ubiquitous elements, oxygen, hydrogen, water, solutions & saturation, hydrogen peroxide, atomic bonds, orbitals & shells, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, bromine & iodine, families of elements, the periodic table, sulfur, carbon dioxide, mineral deposits, baking soda & powder, ammonia, crystals & solutions, chemical indicators, separating mixtures, chromatography, electron transfer, electrolysis, electrochemistry, carbon, fossil fuels, alcohol, soils, soaps & detergents, sugars & starches, monomers & polymers, proteins, and waste disposal
Can you make dazzling colors in flame tests? Create your own mini fire extinguisher? With these hands-on lab sets, you will perform highly rewarding experiments while building a strong foundation in chemistry. The 80-page, full-color experiment manual guides aspiring young chemists through each of the 125 experiments. Kit includes safety glasses, professional-quality equipment and enough chemicals for repeated experiments. Uses a 9-volt battery (not included).
Learn about indicators with litmus solution and write a secret message in invisible ink. Test the inks from your colored markers on the chromatography racetrack to reveal their different color components. Experiment with air pressure, surface tension, and the physical properties of fluids.Experiment with two well-known metals, iron and copper. Investigate carbon dioxide. Dissolve metals with electrochemical reactions. Explore water and its elements, saturated and unsaturated solutions, and crystals. Split water into hydrogen and oxygen with electrolysis, and form oxygen from hydrogen peroxide.Experiment with soaps, detergents, and emulsions of water and oil. Investigate chemistry in the kitchen by experimenting with sugar, honey, starch, eggs and proteins, fatty acids, and calcium.Begin to build a strong foundation in chemistry with exposure to a broad range of chemical phenomena and hands-on laboratory experiences. This kit provides clear instructions for preparing and performing the experiments, offers safety advice, offers explanations for the observed occurrences, and asks and answers questions about the results.
The study of nanoparticles has increased vastly due to their unique properties, leading to new developments in many different areas such as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)1,2, microscopy3, drug delivery agents4,5, cancer treatment5,6, carriers for biomolecules7, etc8,9,10. For this reason, several synthetic protocols have emerged such as electrochemical11,12, photochemical13, template14,15, Turkevich16,17, or seed-mediated growth18,19, to form different shapes of nanoparticles e.g. spheres20, rods21,22,23, cubes24,25, etc. with a host of different properties. Despite the fact that so many synthetic methods have been developed, these have proven difficult to control and produce large amounts of by-products, as well as having problems with reproducibility that have made the synthesis of gold nanoparticles quite challenging10. This means the ability to precisely control the shape of the nanoparticle, and therefore its physical properties, and application, can be challenging for the discovery and for the process of reproducing the protocol. Indeed, the difficulty in the reproduction of known protocols is a major bottleneck preventing the extended development and use of such materials.
To address these fundamental issues, we hypothesised that the algorithm-driven discovery and digital control of synthesis using a robotic system could revolutionise the design and control of complex faceted nanoparticles. Indeed algorithms have recently been used in self-optimising chemical reactions26, exploring catalysis27 and also the nucleation of nanocrystals in microfluidic devices28. This is because the robotic system could allow the high-fidelity reproduction of the methods used to discover the nanoparticles, and this code could be replayed to generate the clusters again minimising errors. In addition, we wanted to use a genetic algorithm approach that not only uses an electronic genome, but also explores the idea that it is possible to evolve physical objects. These objects are not only improved by evolution towards a target, but then could then be used as physical seeds to help direct to new targets. This means the evolutionary trajectory is also imprinted into the physical object, rather than just being weakly associated in an electronic genome. The idea of embodied evolution29 is mostly confined to robotics, but also has been explored with some materials30.
a Chemical space 1, containing reagents for the synthesis of spheres, was explored using the platform until spectral target 1 (spheres) was reached/optimised. b Known literature seeds10 used in chemical space 2 with known reagents for the synthesis of rods until spectral target 2 (rods) was reached/optimised. c Target 2 optimised rods used to as seeds to achieve target 3 spectra for unknown nanoparticle shape outcome.
(proceeding clockwise from top left position) The platform itself (see SI for build details). Each new series of reaction generations aims for a specified spectral target, beginning with a random exploration of the chemical space. Volumes of stock reagents are initially selected at random, dispensed by the platform and analysed by in-line UV-Vis spectroscopy. The resultant spectra are assigned a fitness value and evaluated via our genetic algorithm. The algorithm mutates the experimental parameters and crosses them over attributes of the highest fitness samples to generate new experimental parameters for the next generation. The cycle repeats until the target was reacted, each 15-reaction generation of a given series proceeding towards the predefined spectra.
Although the synthesis of AuNPs of different size and shape has been studied before, our work presents a new methodology to further and advance this field by using the unbiased nature of algorithmically driven synthesis in a closed loop robot platform. The platform presented in this paper has been able to synthesise complex nanomaterials starting from simple, raw chemicals by a process of hierarchical evolution. Our system has demonstrated for the first time, seed mediated nanoparticle synthesis assisted by an evolutionary algorithm in a controlled and reproducible manner. This automated, closed loop approach allows us not only to create known architectures reliably but also could be used as a tool to discover complex nano-constructs using desired spectroscopic responses. Lower tier nanoparticles were fed into the system in order to obtain more complex structures. This methodology, whilst offering the benefits of automation; speed, safety, reproducibility, etc. provides the chemist with a tool for developing new synthetic methods and the potential for new discoveries. These discoveries could lead to a better understanding of how nanoparticles are formed and to develop new application areas by searching for a given property, as well as ensuring that complex faceted nanoparticles can be reproduced easily using a digital code in an automatic platform32,33. 2ff7e9595c
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